Out-of-home care characteristics associated with childhood educational underachievement, mental disorder, and police contacts in an Australian population sample.

BACKGROUND: Children in out-of-home care (OOHC) are generally at increased risk of health and social adversities compared to their peers. However, the experiences of children in OOHC are not uniform and their associated health and social indices may vary in relation to characteristics of OOHC placements and child protection contact. OBJECTIVE: To examine associations between a range of characteristics of OOHC placements and child protection contact (e.g., number, type, and age of placement) with educational underachievement, mental disorder, and police contact (as a victim, witness, or person of interest) in childhood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Participants were Australian children drawn from the New South Wales Child Development Study cohort who had been placed in OOHC at least once between the ages of 0-13 years (n = 2082). METHODS: Logistic regression was used to examine prospective associations of OOHC placement and child protection contact characteristics (type of carer, placement instability, duration and frequency of maltreatment, and amount of time in care) with educational underachievement, mental disorder diagnosis and any type of police contact. RESULTS: Placements with foster carers, greater placement instability, longer and more frequent exposure to maltreatment, and longer time spent in care were each associated with greater likelihood of consequences in all domains of functioning. CONCLUSIONS: Children with certain placement characteristics are at higher risk of adverse consequences and should be prioritised for support services. The magnitude of relationships was not uniform across different health and social indices, highlighting the need for holistic, multiagency approaches to support children placed in care.

A relação com o saber nas atividades lúdicas escolares / The relationship with knowledge in school recreational activities / La relación con el saber en las actividades lúdicas escolares

O brincar é uma atividade importante para o desenvolvimento infantil, porque melhora aspectos cognitivos, emocionais e físicos. Além disso, jogos e brincadeiras podem ser explorados como recurso educacional. Partindo do entendimento da ludicidade enquanto um processo subjetivo, este trabalho investigou a relação com o saber estabelecida durante as brincadeiras, buscando compreendê-las em suas dimensões epistêmica, social e identitária. Dezesseis estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental foram entrevistados a partir de um roteiro baseado no instrumento "balanço do saber", proposto por Bernard Charlot. As questões foram adaptadas para possibilitar apreender o que as crianças dizem aprender durante as brincadeiras em que participam, com ênfase naquelas realizadas em sala de aula. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo realizada mostraram que, apesar de existirem conflitos sobre como se estabelecem as funções lúdica e educativa, quando a brincadeira infantil é utilizada como recurso pedagógico, os sujeitos podem identificar benefícios no processo de aprendizagem por meio dela. Aponta-se, também, a necessidade de considerar a condição social da criança no ambiente escolar para o sucesso ao utilizar essas atividades como práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Child's play is an important activity for child development since it improves cognition, emotional, and physical aspects. Games can also be explored as an educational resource. Starting from the understanding that playfulness is a subjective process, this work has investigated the relationship to the knowledge stablished during games, aiming to understand it in its epistemic, social, and identitary dimensions. A group of 16 5th grade students were interviewed from a script based on the instrument "balance of knowledge," as proposed by Bernard Charlot. The questions were adapted to enable the apprehension of what children say they learn on the games they play, emphasizing those which are played in classrooms. The results of the content analysis performed have showed that, despite the conflicts on how both playful and educative functions are stablished when child's play is used as a pedagogic resource, the subjects can identify benefits on the process of learning with it. The need to consider the child's social condition in the school environment to reach success when using these activities as pedagogical practices is also pointed out.(AU)

Jugar es una actividad importante para el desarrollo de los niños, porque mejora aspectos cognitivos, emocionales y físicos. Por tanto, los juegos son explorados como recurso educativo. Partiendo de la comprensión de que lo lúdico es un proceso subjetivo, este trabajo analizó la relación con el saber que se establece durante el juego, con el objetivo de comprenderlo en sus dimensiones epistémica, social e identitaria. Se entrevistó a dieciséis estudiantes de quinto grado a partir de un guion basado en el instrumento "balance del saber" propuesto por Bernard Charlot. Las preguntas fueron adaptadas para permitir la aprehensión de lo que los niños dicen que aprenden en sus juegos, enfatizando los que se juegan en las aulas. Los resultados del análisis de contenido realizado mostraron que, a pesar de que existen conflictos sobre cómo se establecen ambas funciones lúdica y educativa cuando se utiliza el juego infantil como recurso pedagógico, los niños pueden identificar beneficios en el proceso de aprendizaje a través del juego. Se señala la necesidad de considerar la condición social del niño en el entorno escolar para alcanzar el éxito al utilizar estas actividades como prácticas pedagógicas.(AU)

O inventário de envolvimento paterno revisado: inclusão de pais com filhos pré-escolares / The inventory of father involvement revised: inclusion of fathers with preschool children / El inventario de envolvimiento paterno revisado: inclusión de padres de preescolares

Apesar da importância do envolvimento paterno, sua avaliação persiste desafiadora. No Brasil, o Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) vem se mostrando adequado para uso com pais de crianças de 5 a 10 anos. Entretanto, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento infantil e de intervenções preventivas, seria importante avaliar o envolvimento paterno quando as crianças são mais novas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos: identificar limitações do IFI-BR, quando usado com pais de crianças entre 2 e 10 anos, e avaliar itens para o IFI-BR-revisado. No Estudo 1, 434 pais com filhos no Ensino Infantil ou Fundamental 1 responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e ao IFI-BR. Com base em análises de dados omissos, estrutura interna e precisão, modificações foram sugeridas, visando à manutenção da estrutura interna original do instrumento. No Estudo 2, 572 pais com filhos na mesma faixa etária responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e à versão modificada do IFI-BR. Foram comparadas as frequências de dados omissos e estimativas de precisão para os itens originais e modificados, selecionando aqueles que melhor representavam essa amostra de pais para compor a versão revisada do IFI-BR. Esses resultados indicaram evidências adequadas de validade, com base no conteúdo da versão revisada do IFI-BR, quando utilizada para avaliar a qualidade do envolvimento paterno de pais brasileiros com filhos do Ensino Infantil ao Fundamental 1. Após verificadas evidências de validade adicionais, essa versão revisada do IFI-BR poderá ser utilizada, por exemplo, em estudos longitudinais e na avaliação de intervenções precoces com pais.(AU)

Despite the importance assigned to father involvement, evaluating this construct remains a challenge. In Brazil, the Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) has showed satisfactory evidence of validity for fathers of children between 5 and 10 years old. From the perspective of child development and preventive interventions, however, evaluating father involvement with younger children is essential. Hence, this study sought to: identify limitations of the IFI-BR for fathers of children between 2 and 10 years old, and evaluate items for a revised IFI-BR. In Study 1, 434 fathers of children in early childhood and primary school settings answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the IFI-BR. Based on analyses of missing data, internal structure, and reliability, modifications were suggested to maintain the original internal structure. In Study 2, 572 fathers of children in the same age range answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and the modified IFI-BR. After comparison between values for missing data and reliability of the original and modified items, the items that best represented the broader sample of fathers were selected to compose the revised IFI-BR. Results indicated adequate evidence of content validity for the revised IFI-BR when used to assess the involvement of Brazilian fathers with children in early childhood education and primary school settings. After additional evidence has been verified, this revised IFI-BR can be used, for example, in longitudinal studies and to evaluate early interventions with fathers.(AU)

La participación paterna es importante, pero su evaluación sigue siendo desafiadora. En Brasil, el Inventário de Envolvimento Paterno (IFI-BR) demuestra ser adecuado para aplicar a padres de niños de 5 a 10 años de edad. No obstante, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo infantil y de las intervenciones preventivas, sería importante evaluar la participación de los padres de niños más jóvenes. Este estudio tuvo como objetivos: identificar limitaciones del IFI-BR cuando se aplica a padres de niños entre los 2 y 10 años y evaluar ítems para el IFI-BR-revisado. En Estudio 1, 434 padres con hijos en el jardín de infantes o escuela primaria respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el IFI-BR. Con base en el análisis de datos faltantes, estructura interna y exactitud, se sugirieron modificaciones para mantener la estructura interna original del instrumento. En Estudio 2, 572 padres respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la versión modificada del IFI-BR. Se compararon las frecuencias de datos faltantes y estimaciones de exactitud para los ítems originales y modificados, seleccionando aquellos que representaban mejor a esta muestra de padres para la versión revisada del IFI-BR. Estos resultados indicaron evidencia adecuada de validez, basada en el contenido de la versión revisada del IFI-BR, cuando se utilizó para evaluar la calidad de la participación de padres brasileños con niños en el jardín de infantes y en la escuela primaria. Después de verificada la evidencia adicional de validez, la versión revisada del IFI-BR se puede utilizar, por ejemplo, en estudios longitudinales y en la evaluación de intervenciones precoz con los padres.(AU)

Psicólogas(os) no sistema educacional de Boa Vista/Roraima: concepções, práticas e desafios / Psychologists in the educational system of Boa Vista/Roraima: conceptions, practices and challenges / Psicólogas(os) en el sistema educativo de Boa Vista/Roraima: concepciones, prácticas y retos

O objeto de estudo deste trabalho é a atuação de psicólogas(os) no campo da educação básica. Tivemos como objetivo investigar as práticas de atuação e os desafios enfrentados pelas(os) psicólogas(os) que trabalham na educação em Boa Vista (RR), com intuito de conhecer a inserção desses profissionais no sistema educacional. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, orientada pelo referencial teórico-metodológico da Psicologia Escolar Crítica. Realizamos o processo de levantamento dos dados entre os meses de março e abril de 2018, por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, audiogravadas e transcritas. Encontramos 21 psicólogas e um psicólogo trabalhando em instituições educacionais e de ensino na cidade; a maioria atuava na educação básica; metade dos entrevistados ingressou por concurso público e a outra metade era contratada e comissionada; poucos(as) foram contratados(as) como psicólogos(as) escolares. Para a análise, selecionamos dez psicólogas(os) com mais tempo no cargo. Quanto às práticas de atuação, identificamos que 60% atuavam na modalidade clínica e 40% na modalidade clínica e institucional. Como desafios, encontramos melhoria das condições de trabalho; estabelecimento de relações hierárquicas e a dificuldade de fazer compreender as especificidades desse campo de trabalho; necessidade na melhoria das condições para formação continuada; atuação da(o) psicóloga(o) escolar enquanto ação institucional. Diante do exposto, compreendemos ser necessária uma mudança de paradigma na atuação das(os) psicólogas(os) que trabalham na educação na região, e a apropriação das discussões da área, principalmente, aquelas apresentadas pela Psicologia Escolar Crítica, vez que esta contribui para uma atuação que leve em conta os determinantes sociais, políticos, culturais e pedagógicos que constituem o processo de escolarização.(AU)

This work has as object of study the role of psychologists in the field of Basic Education. We aimed to investigate practices and challenges faced by psychologists who work in education in Boa Vista/RR, to know the insertion of these professionals in the educational system. This is a qualitative research, guided by the theoretical-methodological framework of Critical School Psychology. The data collection process was carried out between March and April 2018, with semi-structured, audio-recorded, and transcribed interviews. We found 21 female psychologists and one male psychologist working in educational institutions in the municipality; most worked in Basic Education; half of the interviewees had applied to work as government employee and the other half were hired and commissioned; few were hired as school psychologists. To carry out the analysis, we selected ten psychologists with more time in the position. Regarding the practices, we have identified that 60% worked in the clinical modality and 40% in the clinical and institutional modality. As challenges, we find the improvement in working conditions; the establishment of hierarchical relationships and the difficulty of making the specificities of this field of work understood; the need to improve conditions for continuing education; the practice of the school psychologist as institutional action. In view of the above, we understand that a paradigm shift in the performance of psychologists working in education in that region is necessary, and the appropriation of discussions in the area, especially those presented by Critical School Psychology, contributes to an action that considers social, political, cultural, and pedagogical determinants that constitute the schooling process.(AU)

Este trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio la actuación profesional de las(os) psicólogas(os) en la educación básica. Su objetivo es investigar las prácticas y retos que enfrentan las(os) psicólogas(os) que trabajan en la educación en Boa Vista, en Roraima (Brasil), con la intención de conocer la inserción de estos profesionales en el sistema educativo. Esta es una investigación cualitativa que se guía por el marco teórico-metodológico de la Psicología Escolar Crítica. Se recopilaron los datos entre los meses de marzo y abril de 2018, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas, grabadas en audio y después transcritas. Las 21 psicólogas y un psicólogo trabajan en instituciones educativas de la ciudad; la mayoría trabajaba en la educación básica; la mitad de los entrevistados ingresaron mediante concurso público y la otra mitad era contratada y de puesto comisionado; pocos fueron contratados como psicólogos escolares. Para el análisis, se seleccionaron diez psicólogas(os) con más tiempo en el cargo. Con respecto a las prácticas, el 60% trabajaba en la modalidad clínica; y el 40%, en la modalidad clínica e institucional. Los retos son mejora de las condiciones laborales; establecimiento de relaciones jerárquicas y dificultad para comprender las especificidades de este campo de trabajo; necesidad de mejorar las condiciones para la educación continua; y actuación dela (del) psicóloga(o) escolar como acción institucional. En vista de lo anterior, es necesario el cambio de paradigma en la práctica profesional de las(os) psicólogas(os) que trabajan en la educación de la región y la apropiación de las discusiones del área, especialmente las presentadas por la Psicología Escolar Crítica, que contribuye a una acción que tiene en cuenta los determinantes sociales, políticos, culturales y pedagógicos que constituyen el proceso de escolarización.(AU)

Child mental health problems as a risk factor for academic underachievement: A multi-informant, population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether child mental health problems prospectively associate with IQ-achievement discrepancy (i.e., academic under- and over-achievement) in emerging adolescence. The secondary aims were to test whether these associations are specific to certain mental health problems, to assess potential sex differences, and to examine whether associations are robustly observed across multiple informants (i.e., maternal and teacher-reports). METHODS: This study included 1,577 children from the population-based birth cohort the Generation R Study. Child mental health problems at age 6 were assessed by mothers and teachers using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Teacher's Report Form. The IQ-achievement discrepancy was quantified as the standardized residuals of academic achievement regressed on IQ, where IQ was measured with four tasks from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition around age 13 and academic attainment was measured with the Cito test, a national Dutch academic test, at the end of elementary school (12 years of age). RESULTS: Mental health problems at age 6 were associated with IQ-achievement discrepancy at age 12, with more problems associating with greater academic underachievement. When examining specific mental health problems, we found that attention problems was the only mental health problem to independently associate with the IQ-achievement discrepancy (adjusted standardized difference per 1-standard deviation, mother: -0.11, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.16, -0.06]; teacher: -0.13, p < 0.001, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.08]). These associations remained after adjusting for co-occurring mental health problems. The overall pattern of associations was consistent across boys and girls and across informants. CONCLUSION: Mental health problems during the transition from kindergarten to elementary school associate with academic underachievement at the end of elementary school. These associations were primarily driven by attention problems, as rated by both mothers and teachers-suggesting that strategies targeting attention problems may be a particularly promising avenue for improving educational performance irrespective of IQ, although this should be established more thoroughly through further research.

Processamento fonológico e leitura em crianças com dificuldade de aprendizagem em escolas bilíngues português-inglês: relatos de casos / Phonological processing and reading in children with learning difficulties in Portuguese-English bilingual schools: case reports / Procesamiento y lectura fonológica en niños con dificultades de aprendizaje en escuelas bilingües portugués-inglés: reporte de casos

Introdução: Há influência positiva no desenvolvimento da linguagem, quando ocorre a exposição a um novo idioma. No entanto, quando se considera esse contexto em crianças com dificuldade de aprendizagem, o deficit apresentado na primeira língua pode ser transferido para o aprendizado da segunda. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é caracterizar o desempenho em processamento fonológico e leitura em três crianças com dificuldade de aprendizagem em escolas bilíngues português-inglês. Método: Os dados gerais sobre o desenvolvimento e desempenho nas habilidades de consciência fonológica, memória de trabalho fonológica, acesso ao léxico mental e leitura em três crianças de 8 a 9 anos de idade, cursando 2º e 3º ano do ensino fundamental foram descritos; todos com, ao menos, dois anos de exposição à escola bilíngue, especialmente na alfabetização. Na avaliação, foram aplicados os protocolos CONFIAS, Memória de Trabalho Fonológica, TENA, RAN e Protocolo de Avaliação da Compreensão Leitora de Textos Expositivos. Resultado: as crianças apresentaram desempenho aquém do esperado nas habilidades do processamento fonológico, na fluência da leitura oral, bem como na compreensão leitora. Conclusão: esses resultados podem contribuir tanto para a compreensão de aspectos da linguagem escrita na atuação do fonoaudiólogo com crianças bilíngues, quanto para as implicações clínicas e educacionais, haja vista a escassez de estudos nessa área, no Brasil.

Introduction: There is a positive influence on language development when there is exposure to a new language. However, when considering this context in children with learning difficulties, the deficits presented in the first language can be transferred to the learning of the second. Objective: The aim of the present study was to characterize the performance in phonological processing and reading in three children with learning difficulties from Brazilian-English bilingual schools. Method: General data on the development and performance in phonological awareness skills, phonological working memory, access to mental lexicon and reading in three children aged 8 to 9 years, attending the 2nd and 3rd year of elementary school were described; all with at least two years of exposure to bilingual school, especially in literacy. In the evaluation, the protocols CONFIAS, Phonological Working Memory, TENA, RAN and Protocol for Assessment of Reading Comprehension of Expository Texts were applied. Results: The children performed below expectations in terms of phonological processing skills, difficulties in oral reading fluency, as well as in reading comprehension. Conclusion: These results can contribute to the understanding of aspects of written language in the performance of speech therapists with bilingual children, regarding clinical and educational implications, given the scarcity of studies in this area in Brazil.;Introducción: Existe una influencia positiva en el desarrollo del lenguaje cuando hay exposición a un nuevo idioma. Sin embargo, al considerar este contexto en niños con dificultades de aprendizaje, los déficits presentados en el primer idioma se pueden trasladar al aprendizaje del segundo. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el desempeño en procesamiento fonológico y lectura en tres niños con dificultades de aprendizaje de escuelas bilingües brasileño-inglés. Método: Se describieron datos generales sobre el desarrollo y desempeño en las habilidades de conciencia fonológica, memoria de trabajo fonológica, acceso al léxico mental y lectura en tres niños de 8 a 9 años de 2º y 3º de primaria; todos con al menos dos años de exposición a la escuela bilingüe, especialmente en alfabetización. En la evaluación se aplicaron los protocolos CONFIAS, Memoria Fonológica de Trabajo, TENA, RAN y Protocolo de Evaluación de la Comprensión Lectora de Textos Expositivos. Resultados: Los niños se desempeñaron por debajo de las expectativas en términos de habilidades de procesamiento fonológico, dificultades en la fluidez de la lectura oral, así como en la comprensión lectora. Conclusión: Estos resultados pueden contribuir a la comprensión de aspectos del lenguaje escrito en el desempeño de logopedas con niños bilingües, en cuanto a implicaciones clínicas y educativas, dada la escasez de estudios en esta área en Brasil.

Introduction: There is a positive influence on language development when there is exposure to a new language. However, when considering this context in children with learning difficulties, the deficits presented in the first language can be transferred to the learning of the second. Objective: The aim of the present study was to characterize the performance in phonological processing and reading in three children with learning difficulties from Brazilian-English bilingual schools. Method: General data on the development and performance in phonological awareness skills, phonological working memory, access to mental lexicon and reading in three children aged 8 to 9 years, attending the 2nd and 3rd year of elementary school were described; all with at least two years of exposure to bilingual school, especially in literacy. In the evaluation, the protocols CONFIAS, Phonological Working Memory, TENA, RAN and Protocol for Assessment of Reading Comprehension of Expository Texts were applied. Results: The children performed below expectations in terms of phonological processing skills, difficulties in oral reading fluency, as well as in reading comprehension. Conclusion: These results can contribute to the understanding of aspects of written language in the performance of speech therapists with bilingual children, regarding clinical and educational implications, given the scarcity of studies in this area in Brazil.;Introducción: Existe una influencia positiva en el desarrollo del lenguaje cuando hay exposición a un nuevo idioma. Sin embargo, al considerar este contexto en niños con dificultades de aprendizaje, los déficits presentados en el primer idioma se pueden trasladar al aprendizaje del segundo. Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el desempeño en procesamiento fonológico y lectura en tres niños con dificultades de aprendizaje de escuelas bilingües brasileño-inglés. Método: Se describieron datos generales sobre el desarrollo y desempeño en las habilidades de conciencia fonológica, memoria de trabajo fonológica, acceso al léxico mental y lectura en tres niños de 8 a 9 años de 2º y 3º de primaria; todos con al menos dos años de exposición a la escuela bilingüe, especialmente en alfabetización. En la evaluación se aplicaron los protocolos CONFIAS, Memoria Fonológica de Trabajo, TENA, RAN y Protocolo de Evaluación de la Comprensión Lectora de Textos Expositivos. Resultados: Los niños se desempeñaron por debajo de las expectativas en términos de habilidades de procesamiento fonológico, dificultades en la fluidez de la lectura oral, así como en la comprensión lectora. Conclusión: Estos resultados pueden contribuir a la comprensión de aspectos del lenguaje escrito en el desempeño de logopedas con niños bilingües, en cuanto a implicaciones clínicas y educativas, dada la escasez de estudios en esta área en Brasil.

The identification of gifted underachievement: Validity evidence for the commonly used methods.

BACKGROUND: Much confusion exists about the underachievement of gifted students due to significant variations in how the phenomenon has been identified. From a review of the literature, five methods were found to be commonly used to identify gifted underachievement. AIMS: The purpose of the study was to assess the equivalence of the commonly used methods to identify gifted underachievement, and to determine which of these methods may be optimal. SAMPLE: Data were collected from a school in Sydney, Australia. METHOD: Three measures of convergence (i.e., difference in proportions, phi association, and kappa agreement) were used to assess the equivalence of the identification methods, while latent class analysis was used to determine the optimal identification method. RESULTS: The convergence evidence suggested that the commonly used identification methods may not be considered convergent, while the criterion evidence indicated that one of the five identification methods may have strong levels of criterion validity. CONCLUSIONS: A conclusion was reached that the simple difference method may be the most valid method to identify gifted underachievement.

Atribuições causais para rendimento escolar e autoeficácia em alunos do ensino fundamental / Causal attributions for school performance and self-efficacy in elementary school students

O processo de ensino e aprendizagem requer a compreensão de variáveis que influenciam no sucesso ou no fracasso escolar, dentre essas, a autoeficácia e as atribuições causais (AC). Neste estudo, verificou-se a correlação entre os fatores das AC para o bom e fraco rendimento escolar e a autoeficácia em estudantes do ensino fundamental. Os participantes foram 121 alunos de escolas públicas de municípios brasileiros da região norte do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. [...] A análise dos dados ocorreu por meio de tratamento estatístico descritivo e inferencial. A distribuição dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilke a homogeneidade de variâncias pelo o de Levene, considerando-se quatro fatores para bom rendimento/desempenho e quatro para o fraco rendimento/ desempenho. Utilizou-se, ainda, a matriz de correlação de Spearman para verificar a associação entre eles e o Teste U de Mann-Whitney para averiguar as diferenças entre médias dos construtos por sexo e faixa etária. Os resultados indicaram que os alunos recorreram mais a causas relacionadas aos professores e a estrutura externa material para explicar seus bons resultados. Em contrapartida, atribuíram o fraco rendimento/ desempenho escolar a fatores relativos à própria habilidade cognitiva e capacidade para explicação. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na atribuição causal ou na autoeficácia por sexo ou faixa etária.(AU)

The teaching and learning process requires an understanding of variables that influence school success or failure, including self-efficacy and causal attributions (CA). The present study checked the correlation between CA factors for good and poor school performance, and self-efficacy in elementary students of public schools in Brazilian municipalities in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants were 121 students, selected for convenience, provided information to three data collection instruments: (i) sociodemographic information, (ii) a QARE questionnaire of causal attribution for school performance, and (iii) a self-efficacy assessment script. Primary data analysis was examined through descriptive and inferential statistical treatment. Data distribution was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test and the homogeneity of variables by Levene's test of the four factors for good performance and four factor for poor performance. The Spearman ́s correlation matrix was also used to verify the association between variables. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used to ascertain the differences in rank between the constructs by sex and age group. Students mainly indicated teacher-related causes and the external structure of the material to explain their good results. In contrast, to explain poor school performance, they assigned factors related to their cognitive ability and ability to explain.(AU)

The role of metacognitive competences in the development of school achievement among gifted adolescents.

Gifted underachievers perform worse in school than would be expected based on their high intelligence. Possible causes for underachievement are low motivational dispositions (need for cognition) and metacognitive competences. This study tested the interplay of these variables longitudinally with gifted and non-gifted students from Germany (N = 341, 137 females) in Grades 6 (M = 12.02 years at t1) and 8 (M = 14.07 years). Declarative and procedural metacognitive competences were assessed in the domain of reading comprehension. Path analyses showed incremental effects of procedural metacognition over and above intelligence on the development of school achievement in gifted students (ß = .139). Moreover, declarative metacognition and need for cognition interactively predicted procedural metacognition (ß = .169), which mediated their effect on school achievement.

Problemas de aprendizagem e comportamento no ciclo 1 do ensino fundamental / Learning difficulties and behavioral problems in elementary school / Problemas de aprendizaje y comportamiento en la educación primaria

As relações entre problemas comportamentais e dificuldades de aprendizagem ainda não estão claras na literatura. Essas variáveis representam, entretanto, importantes fatores de risco para o fracasso escolar e profissional, bem como para o desenvolvimento e a adaptação social. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar as relações entre problemas comportamentais e dificuldades de aprendizagem em alunos de uma escola pública do ciclo I do ensino fundamental. Foram realizadas, também, análises dessas variáveis em função da série e do sexo dos alunos. A pesquisa seguiu um delineamento descritivo, de caráter transversal. Participaram do estudo 310 alunos do 1º ao 5º ano. Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades, respondido pelos pais, e um questionário para a identificação do desempenho escolar, respondido pelas professoras. Os resultados indicam 12% de problemas comportamentais e 15% de dificuldades de aprendizagem na amostra estudada. Correlações negativas moderadas altamente significativas foram obtidas entre o desempenho escolar, as subescalas hiperatividade; problemas de conduta; e problemas de relacionamento entre pares, e o escore total do SDQ. Foram encontrados valores marginalmente significativos para a associação entre sexo e hiperatividade, indicando maior tendência de comportamentos hiperativos nos meninos. Os sintomas emocionais foram marginalmente mais frequentes nos alunos do 1º ano. Já os alunos do 2º ano apresentaram maior frequência de dificuldades de aprendizagem. Conclui-se que os dois primeiros anos do ensino fundamental podem ser considerados uma etapa crítica do percurso escolar, demandando intervenções focadas na prevenção de problemas comportamentais e de aprendizagem.(AU)

The relationships between behavioral problems and learning difficulties are still unclear in the literature. These variables represent, however, important risk factors for school and professional failures and for the development and social adaptation. This research aimed to investigate the relationships between behavioral problems and learning difficulties in the students in a public elementary school. These variables were also analyzed in relation to the school grade and gender of the students. The research followed a descriptive cross-sectional design. The sample comprised 310 students from 1st to 5th grade. The instruments used in data collection were the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, answered by the parents, and a questionnaire to identify the students school performance, answered by the teachers. The results indicated 12% of behavioral problems and 15% of learning difficulties in the studied sample. Moderate highly significative negative correlations were obtained between school performance; the subscales hyperactivity, conduct problems and peer relationship problems; and the total questionnaire score . Marginally significant values were found for the association between gender and Hyperactivity, indicating a greater tendency for hyperactive behavior in boys. Emotional symptoms were marginally more frequent in 1st grade students. On the other hand, 2nd grade students had a higher frequency of learning difficulties. We concluded that the two first years of elementary school can be considered a critical phase of the school trajectory and it needs preventive interventions focused on behavioral and learning problems.(AU)

Las relaciones entre los problemas de conducta y las dificultades de aprendizaje aún no están claras en la literatura. Estas variables representan, sin embargo, importantes factores de riesgo para el fracaso escolar y profesional, así como para el desarrollo y la adaptación social. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre los problemas de conducta y las dificultades de aprendizaje en estudiantes de una escuela primaria pública. También se realizaron análisis de estas variables en función del grado y sexo de los alumnos. La investigación siguió un diseño descriptivo y transversal. Participaron del estudio 310 estudiantes de 1º a 5º grado. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Habilidades y Dificultades, respondido por los padres, y un cuestionario para identificar el desempeño escolar, respondido por los docentes. Los resultados indican un 12% de problemas de conducta y un 15% de dificultades de aprendizaje en la muestra estudiada. Se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas altamente significativas entre el rendimiento escolar y la puntuación total y de las subescalas hiperactividad problemas de conducta y problemas de relación con los compañeros del cuestionario. Se encontró aún mayor tendencia a la conducta hiperactiva en los niños. Los "síntomas emocionales" fueron ligeramente más frecuentes en los estudiantes de primer año, mientras los estudiantes de segundo año tenían una mayor frecuencia de dificultades de aprendizaje. Se concluye que los dos primeros años de la escuela primaria pueden ser una fase crítica de la trayectoria escolar, lo que requiere intervenciones enfocadas en la prevención de problemas de conducta y aprendizaje.(AU)

Learning Motivation, Socioemotional Skills and School Achievement in Elementary School Students / Motivação para Aprender, Competências Socioemocionais e Desempenho Escolar no Ensino Fundamental / Motivación para Aprender, Habilidades Socioemocionales y Desempeño Escolar en Alumnos de Primaria

Abstract The motivation to learn is an element that drives student behavior and acts as a subjacent solving school demands, as well it influences the development and expression of socioemotional skills and school performance. This research constitutes a systematic review of the literature that investigated the relationship between motivation to learn, socioemotional skills and school performance in children enrolled in elementary school. A total of 9,631 abstracts from the ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS and Web of Science databases were examined, ending with 44 studies. The findings indicated a positive relationship between the three constructs, corroborating the literature that illustrates the benefits of various indicators of school and psychological well-being of children and adolescents to enhance learning and school performance. It is noteworthy that student-family and student-teacher interactions can favor student success or failure.

Resumo A motivação para aprender é um elemento impulsionador do comportamento do aluno, atuando de modo subjacente à resolução de demandas escolares, porquanto exerce influência no desenvolvimento e expressão das competências socioemocionais e desempenho escolar. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a relação entre a motivação para aprender, as competências socioemocionais e o desempenho escolar em crianças matriculadas no ensino fundamental. Foram examinados 9.631 resumos das bases ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS e Web of Science, finalizando com 44 estudos. Os achados indicaram uma relação positiva entre os três construtos, corroborando a literatura sobre os benefícios de vários indicadores de bem-estar escolar e psicológico de crianças e adolescentes para potencializar a aprendizagem e o desempenho escolar. Ressalta-se que as interações aluno-família e aluno-professor podem favorecer o sucesso ou insucesso do aluno.

Resumen La Motivación para Aprender es un elemento impulsor del comportamiento de los estudiantes, actuando como una forma subyacente de resolver las demandas escolares, ya que influye en el desarrollo y expresión de las habilidades socioemocionales y el rendimiento escolar. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la relación entre la motivación para aprender, las habilidades socioemocionales y el rendimiento escolar en niños matriculados en la escuela primaria. Se examinaron 9631 resúmenes, de las bases ASSIA, EDUC, ERIC, PsycArticles, Science Direct, SCOPUS y Web of Science, y finalizó con 44 estudios. Los hallazgos indicaron una relación positiva entre los tres constructos, corroborando la literatura sobre los beneficios de diversos indicadores de bienestar escolar y psicológico de niños y adolescentes para potenciar el aprendizaje y rendimiento escolar. Además, las interacciones alumno-familia y alumno-profesor pueden favorecer el éxito o el fracaso de los alumnos.

Reflections of the social determinants of health on school children's learning / Reflexiones de los determinantes sociales de la salud sobre el aprendizaje de los escolares / Reflexos dos determinantes sociais da saúde na aprendizagem de crianças escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: understanding the repercussions of the social determinants of health on school children's learning, linked to the public-school network, from the point of view of health and education professionals. Method: qualitative study, participant-action type, articulated to Freire's Research Itinerary, through three moments: Thematic Investigation; Coding and Decoding; Critical Unveiling. The participants were 27 health professionals and 18 education professionals, working in four municipalities of Santa Catarina. Individual interviews and a Culture Circle took place between November 2020 and March 2021. The analysis was developed in the discussions in the Culture Circle, with reflection on the themes. Results: unfavorable living conditions, unhealthy habits, and weak social relationships tend to negatively influence children's school learning. There is a need for the implementation of actions involving the health and education sectors, such as the Health at School Program. Conclusion: the articulated action of health and education professionals on social determinants is the way to promote health and children's school performance, in order to minimize the effects of existing inequities.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender los reflejos de los determinantes sociales de la salud en el aprendizaje de los escolares, vinculados a la red pública de enseñanza, desde la perspectiva de los profesionales de la salud y de la educación. Método: estudio cualitativo, de tipo acción-participante, articulado al Itinerario de Investigación de Freire, a través de tres momentos: Investigación temática; codificación y descodificación; desvelamiento crítico. Participaron 27 profesionales de la salud y 18 de la educación, que trabajan en cuatro municipios de Santa Catarina. Entre noviembre de 2020 y marzo de 2021 se celebraron entrevistas individuales y un Círculo de Cultura. El análisis se desarrolló en los debates del Círculo de Cultura, con reflexión sobre los temas. Resultados: las condiciones de vida desfavorables, los hábitos poco saludables y las relaciones sociales débiles tienden a influir negativamente en el aprendizaje escolar de los niños. Es necesario poner en marcha acciones que impliquen a los sectores sanitario y educativo, como el Programa Salud en la Escuela. Conclusión: la acción articulada de los profesionales de la salud y de la educación sobre los determinantes sociales es el camino para promover la salud y el rendimiento escolar de los niños, con el fin de minimizar los efectos de las desigualdades existentes.

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender os reflexos dos determinantes sociais da saúde na aprendizagem de crianças escolares, vinculadas à rede pública de ensino, sob a ótica dos profissionais da saúde e da educação. Método: estudo qualitativo, do tipo ação participante, articulado ao Itinerário de Pesquisa de Freire, percorrendo três momentos: Investigação Temática; Codificação e Decodificação; Desvelamento Crítico. Participaram 27 profissionais da saúde e 18 da educação, atuantes em quatro municípios de Santa Catarina. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais e um Círculo de Cultura entre novembro de 2020 a março de 2021. A análise desenvolveu-se nas discussões no Círculo de Cultura, com reflexão dos temas. Resultados: as condições de vida desfavoráveis, hábitos pouco saudáveis e as relações sociais frágeis tendem a influenciar negativamente na aprendizagem escolar das crianças. Há necessidade de implementação de ações envolvendo o setor saúde e educação, como o Programa Saúde na Escola. Conclusão a atuação articulada dos profissionais de saúde e educação sobre os determinantes sociais é o caminho para promover saúde e o desempenho escolar infantil, com vistas a minimizar os efeitos das iniquidades existentes.

Identificación de necesidades psicosociales de un grupo de escolares españoles con problemas visuales: un estudio con metodología mixta / Psychosocial needs of Spanish schoolchildren with visual impairment: a mixed methods research

Resumen Este estudio presenta un análisis de las necesidades psicosociales de un grupo de escolares españoles que padecen problemas visuales. La investigación utiliza metodología mixta aplicada en una muestra de 26 menores que acuden con sus progenitores a una consulta de oftalmología pediátrica con y sin problemas visuales. Se realizan entrevistas a los niños, adolescentes y/o progenitores sobre las repercusiones de su problema visual en el ámbito educativo, en la realización de actividades de ocio y tiempo libre y en la interacción con sus iguales, además de los sentimientos que les produce su problema visual. A los datos obtenidos se aplican análisis descriptivos, de medias, de varianza y pruebas de independencia entre variables, mediante las pruebas de chi-cuadrado de Pearson (χ²) y de U de Mann-Whitney. Los resultados encontrados indican que el grupo de escolares con problemas visuales graves tienen mayores dificultades que los que no los tienen en el bienestar físico y emocional, en el rendimiento escolar y en la interacción con los otros. Estos resultados sugieren la importancia de programar intervenciones integrales y conjuntas de carácter sanitario y socioeducativo que incidan en la mejora en cada una de las áreas de necesidad.

Abstract This study investigates the psychosocial needs of a group of schoolchildren with visual impairments. Based on a CUAN+CUAL mixed methods, it analyzed 26 children, with and without visual impairment, who attended a pediatric ophthalmology consultation with their parents. Several descriptive, mean and variance tests of independence between variables were performed using Pearson's Chi-square (χ²) and Mann-Whitney U tests. The interviews conducted with the children and/or parents on the impact of their visual impairment on education, leisure activities and peer interaction, as well as the feelings derived from the impairment, underwent discourse analysis. Results show that schoolchildren with severe visual impairments experience greater difficulties regarding physical and emotional well-being, school performance, and peer interaction when compared with those without. These findings suggest the importance of developing comprehensive and joint health and socio-educational interventions to improve these areas.

Fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e bucais associados a reprovação em escolares adolescentes: estudo transversal / Sociodemographic, behavioral, and oral factors associated with failure in adolescent schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Objetivo: avaliar associações entre fatores sociodemográficos, sociais e bucais e reprovação escolar entre adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e analítico realizado com 251 adolescentes, entre 14 e 18 anos, provenientes de cinco escolas estaduais do município de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A variável desfecho avaliada foi a reprovação escolar e as variáveis independentes incluíram fatores sociodemográficos e bucais. Para se avaliar a associação entre as variáveis, realizou-se regressão logística simples e múltipla, permanecendo no modelo final as variáveis com p≤0,05, após o ajuste para as demais variáveis. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (61,8%), com idade até 16 anos (58,6%), tinham mais que um irmão (60,2%) e o grau de instrução dos chefes das famílias era acima de oito anos (71,3%). A reprovação escolar foi relatada por 12,7% dos adolescentes. No modelo ajustado final, verificou-se que a reprovação escolar permaneceu associada aos adolescentes que apresentavam mais de um irmão (OR = 3,79: IC 95%: 1,34-10,73), que foram ao dentista na última vez por motivo de dor (OR = 3,00: IC 95%: 1,26-7,15) e com autoavaliação negativa da saúde bucal (OR = 5,50: IC9 5%: 2,10-14,36). Conclusão: Fatores sociodemográficos e bucais estiveram associados com a reprovação escolar em adolescentes. Nesse contexto, recomenda-se a continuidade das ações e políticas públicas intersetoriais entre os setores de educação e saúde para a melhoria da saúde bucal dos escolares, a qual apresenta associações com o rendimento acadêmico.

Aim: to evaluate the association between sociodemographic, social and oral factors, and school failure among adolescents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study carried out with 251 adolescents, between 14 and 18 years of age, from five state schools in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. This work evaluated the outcome variable of school failure, and the independent variables included sociodemographic, social, and oral factors. To assess the association between the variables, simple and multiple logistic regressions were performed, with the variables presenting p≤0.05 remaining in the final model after adjustments for the other variables. Results: Most participants were female (61.8%), up to 16 years of age (58.6%), who had more than one sibling (60.2%), and whose level of education of the heads of the household was over eight years (71.3%). School failure was reported by 12.7% of the adolescents. In the final adjusted model, school failure remained associated with adolescents who had more than one sibling (OR = 3.79: 95% CI: 1.34-10.73), who went to the dentist the last time due to pain (OR = 3.00: 95% CI: 1.26-7.15) and a negative oral health self-assessment (OR = 5.50: 95% CI: 2.10-14.36). Conclusion: Sociodemographic and oral factors were associated with school failure in adolescents. In this context, it is recommended to continue intersectoral actions and public policies between education and health to improve the oral health of schoolchildren and, consequently, their academic performance.

Desempenho em leitura, ordenação temporal, motivação e queixas escolares: estudo preliminar / Reading performance, temporal ordering, motivation and school complaints: preliminary study

RESUMO Objetivo verificar a associação entre o desempenho em leitura de crianças e adolescentes e a presença de queixas escolares, habilidade auditiva de ordenação temporal e motivação escolar. Métodos estudo observacional analítico transversal, com amostra de conveniência composta por 36 participantes. Os instrumentos de coleta foram questionário de caracterização, Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil, avaliação auditiva, testes de Memória para Sons Verbais, Não Verbais em Sequência, Padrão de Frequência e de Duração, Desempenho Escolar, as Provas de Avaliação dos Processos de Leitura e a Escala para Avaliação da Motivação Escolar Infantojuvenil. A variável resposta deste estudo foi "processos de leitura". Os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher foram utilizados para as análises de associação. Resultados as análises de associação revelaram que a maioria dos participantes com alteração nas tarefas de leitura apresentou, também, adequação da ordenação temporal simples e inadequação da ordenação temporal complexa. Não houve associação com significância estatística entre o desempenho em leitura e a presença de queixas escolares, habilidade auditiva de ordenação temporal e motivação escolar. Contudo, observou-se que a maioria dos participantes com alteração na leitura apresentou queixa de dificuldades escolares, baixo desempenho acadêmico e motivação escolar média. Conclusão embora não tenha indicado significância estatística na maioria das associações realizadas, o presente estudo evidenciou que há relação entre o desempenho em leitura de crianças e adolescentes e a presença de queixas escolares, habilidade auditiva de ordenação temporal e motivação escolar.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the association between reading performance of children and adolescents and the presence of school complaints, hearing ordering ability and school motivation. Methods Cross-sectional observational study with a convenience sample composed of 36 participants. The instruments used were the Sociodemographic and School Characterization Questionnaire, the Economic Classification Criterion of Brazil, the auditory evaluation, the Memory Tests for Verbal and Non-verbal Sounds in Sequence, the Frequency and Duration Pattern Tests, the School Performance Test, the Assessment of Reading Processes and the Scale for Assessing Children's School Motivation. The response variable in this study was the reading process. Pearson's Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests were used for association analyzes. Results The association analysis revealed that most participants who presented changes in reading tasks also presented adequacy of simple temporal ordering and inadequacy in complex temporal ordering. There was no statistically significant association between reading performance and the presence of school complaints, temporal ordering auditory ability and school motivation. However, it was observed that most participants with reading disorders complained of school difficulties, poor academic performance, average school motivation, adequacy of simple temporal ordering and inadequacy of complex temporal ordering. Conclusion Although it did not show statistical significance in most of the associations performed, the present study showed that there is an relationship between the reading performance of children and adolescents and the presence of school complaints, temporal ordering auditory ability and school motivation.

Características del ingreso y resultados académicos en estudiantes de primer año de Medicina / Characteristics of admission and academic results in first-year medical students

RESUMEN Fundamento: la identificación de factores que influyen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes constituye un pilar importante para el perfeccionamiento del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Objetivo: analizar el desempeño académico de los estudiantes previo a su ingreso en la educación superior y en su primer año de estudios. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo con estudiantes que matricularon como nuevo ingreso en el primer año de Medicina, durante los cursos escolares 2017-2018 y 2018-2019. Las variables principales empleadas fueron el género, los resultados de exámenes de ingreso, índice académico y de escalafón. A partir de las calificaciones en las asignaturas de las ciencias básicas biomédicas se realizó la clasificación en rendimiento académico alto, medio, bajo y deficiente. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y de asociación entre las variables del estudio. Resultados: se constató que tanto en hembras como en varones el número de estudiantes con rendimiento académico en ciencias básicas es bajo, con índice académico menor de 90; los que desaprobaron duplican o triplican el número de los aprobados. Se observó correlación positiva entre el índice de escalafón y la nota promedio de ciencias básicas al final del primer año de la carrera. Conclusiones: en los estudiantes de primer año de Medicina se reconoció un bajo nivel académico en las ciencias básicas, en el que influyeron los resultados de la enseñanza precedente.

ABSTRACT Background: the identification of factors that influence the academic performance of students constitutes an important pillar for the improvement of the teaching-learning process. Objective: to analyze the academic performance of students prior to entering higher education and in their first year of studies. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with students who enrolled as a new student in the first year of Medicine, during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 school years. The main variables used were gender, entrance exam results, academic index and ranking. Based on the grades in the subjects of basic biomedical sciences, the classification was made into high, average, low and poor academic performance. A descriptive and association analysis was performed among the study variables. Results: it was found that in both males and females the number of students with academic performance in basic sciences is low, with an academic index of less than 90; those who flunked double or triple the number of those who passed. A positive correlation was observed between the ranking index and the average grade in basic sciences at the end of the first year of the degree. Conclusions: in the first-year medical students, a low academic level was recognized in the basic sciences, which was influenced by the results of the previous teaching.

Hipoacusia sensorioneural unilateral: Revisión de los manejos posibles en nuestra realidad nacional / Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: Review of possible management in our national reality

La hipoacusia unilateral (HUL) definida como la pérdida auditiva de cualquier grado en un solo oído tiene prevalencias en edad escolar de 3% a 6%. La etiología es desconocida en la mayoría de los casos, pero destacan las anormalidades anatómicas severas a diferencia de las hipoacusias bilaterales, lo que le otorga importancia al estudio de imágenes. También se recomienda realizar evaluación oftalmológica. El impacto de la HUL se observa en la localización sonora, reconocimiento del habla, desarrollo del lenguaje, desempeño social y conducta, pero por sobre todo en el rendimiento académico. En este sentido es relevante mencionar que además de existir mayor probabilidad de repitencia de curso, es necesario mayor apoyo educacional individualizado para evitar dicha repitencia o lograr mismo éxito académico que un normoyente. En relación al diagnóstico aún faltan normas o protocolos, siendo éste un desafío en las zonas donde no hay screening universal. Se discute la importancia de las encuestas para realizar evaluaciones y seguimiento en estos casos. Finalmente se abordan las estrategias de intervención disponibles, además de un plan individualizado considerando al niño, su familia y sus expectativas, particularmente se discuten las características o factores a tomar en cuenta en el momento de la adaptación, para así lograr un tratamiento tendiente al éxito.

Unilateral hearing loss (UHL) defined as hearing loss of any degree in only one ear has a school-age prevalence of 3% to 6%. The etiology is unknown in most cases, but severe anatomical abnormalities stand out as opposed to bilateral hearing loss, which gives importance to the study of images. Ophthalmological evaluation is also recommended. The impact of UHL is observed in sound localization, speech recognition, language development, social performance and behavior, but above all in academic performance. In this sense, it is relevant to mention that in addition to having a higher probability of repeating the course, it is necessary to have more individualized educational support to avoid this repetition or achieve the same academic success as a normal listener. Regarding the diagnosis, there are still missing norms or protocols, this being a challenge in areas where there is no universal screening. The importance of surveys to carry out evaluations and follow-up in these cases is discussed. Finally, the available intervention strategies are discussed, in addition to an individualized plan considering the child, his family and his expectations, particularly, the factors to be taken into account at the time of adaptation, in order to achieve a success treatment.

Análisis predictivo de la deserción estudiantil en la carrera de Medicina / Predictive analysis on student dropout in the Medicine degree

RESUMEN Fundamento: la deserción escolar debe ser analizada en un contexto multivariado para identificar sus causas y efectos, de ningún modo debe ser atribuida a una sola causa. Objetivo: determinar la capacidad predictiva de algunos factores sobre la deserción escolar de estudiantes de Medicina, a través de un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, predictivo en 87 estudiantes de Medicina matriculados en el curso 2015-2016. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos y empíricos y se realizó en dos etapas: en la primera se identificaron las variables más asociadas a la deserción escolar a través de un análisis bivariado; y en la segunda, se analizó la capacidad de estas variables para predecir la deserción a través de la regresión logística (análisis multivariado). Resultados: en el análisis bivariado, nueve variables mostraron relación significativa con la deserción escolar; al someterlas al análisis multivariado (correlación y regresión logística), solo cuatro mantuvieron la significación estadística, por lo que finalmente fueron las escogidas como variables predictoras. Conclusiones: la deserción escolar en estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina puede predecirse por la combinación sinérgica de los cuatro predictores: dedicarle al estudio menos de 15 horas por semana, el sexo femenino, la repitencia escolar y el bajo rendimiento académico en Morfofisiología.

ABSTRACT Background: school dropout should be analyzed in a multivariate context to identify its causes and effects; in no way, it should be attributed to a single cause. Objective: to determine the predictive capacity of some factors on the school dropout of medical students, through a multiple logistic regression model. Methods: an analytical, predictive study was carried out in 87 medical students enrolled in the 2015-2016 academic year. Theoretical and empirical methods were applied and it was carried out in two stages: in the first, the variables most associated with school dropout were identified through a bivariate analysis; and in the second, the ability of these variables to predict dropout was analyzed through logistic regression (multivariate analysis). Results: in the bivariate analysis, nine variables showed a significant relationship with school dropout; when subjected to multivariate analysis (correlation and logistic regression), only four maintained statistical significance, that´s why they were finally chosen as predictor variables. Conclusions: school dropout in Medicine students can be predicted by the synergistic combination of the four predictors: dedicating less than 15 hours per week to study, female sex, school repetition and low academic performance in Morphology-physiology.

Profiles of maladaptive school motivation among high-ability adolescents: A person-centered exploration of the motivational Pathways to Underachievement model.

INTRODUCTION: The Pathways to Underachievement model (PUM; Snyder & Linnenbrink-Garcia, 2013) is a person-oriented framework identifying two distinct patterns of self- and value beliefs that help explain underachievement among cognitively highly able students. This framework was developed to clear up inconclusive findings from variable-centered underachievement research, but has not been previously empirically tested. METHODS: The present study aimed to test the PUM by investigating (a) whether the predicted motivational profiles are evident among a sample of high-ability students (IQ ≥ 120) beginning secondary school in Flanders, Belgium (N = 403, Mage = 12.2 years, 60.5% males) and (b) whether these profiles relate to students' (dis)engagement from and (under)achievement in school, as assessed by the students, their parents and teachers, and school grades. Latent profile analysis was performed on five motivational dimensions: academic self-concept, self-worth contingency, task value beliefs, entity beliefs, and attainment/utility value, and outcomes were compared across profiles using the BCH method. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified four profiles, each involving a distinct patterns of motivational variables. Two of the profiles exhibited maladaptive variable patterns consistent with the distinct profiles theorized by the PUM. Furthermore, profile differences in (dis)engagement and (under)achievement outcomes generally corresponded with the predictions of the PUM across multiple perspectives. CONCLUSION: This study found distinct maladaptive motivational profiles that were each linked to the outcomes hypothesized by the PUM. These findings establish empirically that there are qualitatively different types of high-ability underachievers, which supports the Pathways to Underachievement model and gives momentum to person-oriented analysis within underachievement research.

Mentalizing underachievement in group counseling: Analyzing the relationship between members' reflective functioning and counselors' interventions.

This study concerns an innovative group counseling method, the narrative mediation path (NMP), which aims to promote mentalization on underachievement among university students. The study analyzes a single NMP case with the aim of investigating whether a counselor's interventions influence the reflective functioning (RF) of the group members and their academic performance. The transcripts of 9 sessions of a single NMP were rated according to the Reflective Functioning Scale. We used a microgenetic approach to analyze the clinical sequences of the sessions, for which significant changes in the RF were observed. We identified and categorized the types of counselor's interventions that seemed to improve the students' RFs most effectively. Academic performance was measured by the Academic Performance Scale. The results indicated that most of the students improved their level of RF by mentalizing their problem of underachievement while also improving academic performance. The interventions, which reflect both the not-knowing stance and defense interpretations of the counselor, appeared to play a key role in developing the mentalizing capacities. We discuss the relevance of these findings for the more "interpretative" role of clinicians in mentalizing interventions and the need of further studies to determine whether the results are replicable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).